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六、单向阀、液控单向阀、SV/SL型液控单向阀、叠加式液控单向阀
1.结构和工作原理
单向阀又称止回阀或逆止阀。用于液压系统中防止油流反向流动。单向阀有直通式和直角式两种。如图15、图16所示。
SV和SL型液控单向阀都是座式阀,由液压开启,能给出反向流。
这种阀用来隔离局部压力回路,即作为在管子破裂时防止负载降落的保护,也可防止负载下爬。这种液控单向阀主要包括阀体、主阀、先导阀、压缩弹簧和控制活塞 。
SV型阀(无泄油口)一一泄漏油内部回油
由A口至B口始终可以流动。反方向上则导阀和主阀被压缩弹簧和系统压力保持在阀座上。若X口供给压力油则控制活塞被推向右。
这首先打开导阀,然后打开主阀。于是油液先通过导阀,然后通过主
导阀。为了保证用控制活塞能可靠地操纵,需要一定的*低控制压力。
SL型阀(带泄油口)-一-泄漏油外部回油
在原理上,此阀与SV型有相同的功能。不同之处在于增加了泄油口Y,这就可使控制活的环形面积与A口隔离。A口来的油压只作用在控制活塞的面积A4上,从而有效地降低此条件下所需的控制压力。
Z2S型叠加式液控单向阀
Z2S型单向阀是叠加式液控单向阀。它可用于关闭一个或两个工作油口,无泄漏持续时间长,稳定性好。
油液从A到A1或B到B1自由流通,反向则被截止。如果油流通过阀,例
如从A到A1,压力油作用在阀芯上,阀芯则向右运动并推动钢球离开阀座。单向阀被控制油打开时,油可从B1到B流通。压力在B1腔卸荷,单向阀全部开启。为保证两个主单向阀在换向阀中位时能可靠的关闭,阀的A、B口与回油路连接。
2.单向阀的主要故障
单向阀可能出现的*主要的故障,是当油液从P2腔反向进入时,锥阀芯(或钢球)不能将油液严格封闭而产生渗漏。这种渗漏现象更容易出现在反向流油的压力比较低的情况。这时需要检查阀芯锥面(或钢球)与阀座的接触是否紧密;或检查阀座孔与阀芯孔是否保证所需要的同轴度要求,或者当阀座压入阀体孔时有没有压歪。如不符合要求,则需将阀芯锥面(或钢球)与阀座重新配研,或者将阀座拆出重新压装,直到与阀芯锥面(或钢球)严密接触为止。
另外单向阀的阀座或阀套与阀体间的密封装配或拆装时挤伤,而造成内部泄漏。
如果单向阀启闭不灵活,这种阀芯有卡阻现象,则需检查阀体孔与阀芯的加工几何精度,以及二者的配合间隙是否符合要求。这种现象有可能出现于正向开启压力很小的单向阀,或者这种开启压力很小的单向阀是阀芯轴线沿水平方向安装使用时的场合;另外,也应检查弹簧是否断裂或者过分弯曲而引起卡阻。这里应该注意的是,不论是直通型单向阀还是直角型单向阀,都不允许阀芯锥面向上安装。
七、电磁换向阀和电液换向阀
1.结构和工作原理
WE型电磁换向阀采用湿式交流或直流电磁铁。该阀是通过电磁铁控制阀芯的不同工作位置。当电磁铁断电时,阀芯靠弹簧压力保持在中间或终端位置(脉冲式阀除外)。电磁铁通电,阀芯被推到工作位置上,断电后又恢复到初始状态。这时用手推动故障检查按钮可使阀芯移动。
由于湿式电磁铁内部与回油腔相通,这样衔铁油里移动,可以减少磨损、缓冲,并且提高了散热性能,提高了使用寿命。交流电磁铁具有动作时间短,电气控制线路简单,不需特殊的触头保护等特点。直流电磁铁是切换特性软,动作频率高,对过载或低电压反应不敏感,工作可靠。
WE型换向阀是由电磁铁控制的滑阀式换向阀,它主要用于控制液体的通断和流动方向。
其结构主要是由阀体、电磁铁、滑阀以及复位弹簧等组成。在不通电的情况下被复位弹簧保持在中间位置或初始位置上(脉冲阀除外)。电磁铁的推力通过推杆作用在滑阀上,并且把它从静止位置推到工作位置上(终端位置),由此改变了液流的方向P→A和B→T或者P→B和A→T。当电磁铁断电后,滑阀被复位弹簧重新推到原来的静止位置上。在电磁铁断电时,用故障检查按钮推动滑阀移动。
WEH型换向阀
WEH型换向阀是由电磁阀作为先导控制的滑阀工换向阀。用于控制液流的通断和流动方向。
换向阀是由主阀体、主阀芯、-个或二个复位弹簧和带一个或二个电磁铁的先导阀组成。主阀芯借助于弹簧力或液压力保持中间位置。先导阀可选择湿式直流(或交流)电磁铁,用先导阀的控制油使主阀芯换向(移位)。
当电磁铁不通电时,推动故障检查按钮可导阀芯移动。控制油的输入与输出可选用内控或外控。
弹簧对中的三位四通换向阀( 4WEH25,, 60/,型)
主阀芯是靠两个弹簧保持在中间位置,两弹簧腔与导阀T腔相通(无背压)。控制油从通道引入供给先导阀,当先导阀换向后控制油作用在主阀芯两端中的一端上,推动主阀芯换向,从而使各油口按滑阀机能接通。当电磁铁断电时,导阀芯回到初始位置(脉冲阀除外),控制油腔
通过导阀T腔与油箱接通,在弹簧力的作用下,主阀芯回到中间位置。弹簧内的控制油经先导阀T腔或外排口Y排出。
压力对中的三位四通换向阀(4WEH25H,,60/,型)
在这种结构中是通过压力油作用在主阀芯的两端面上,由阀体内的定位套使主阀芯保持在中间位置上。
如果主阀芯一端卸荷,则主阀换向,使相应的油口接通;此卸荷端的控制油通过先导阀通过通道Y排出。
二位四通换向阀有4种不同的结构
1.4WEH,, /,型:先导阀和主阀中各有一个复位弹簧(当电磁铁断电时,
使主阀芯固定在初始位置上)
2.4WEH,H/,, /,型:先导阀有一个复位弹簧,由它来控制导阀芯保持在初始位置上。
3.4WEH,, H,/0.,型: 先导阀有两个电磁铁。在先导阀和主阀里都没有复位弹簧,在这种情况下分别由电磁铁和压力油的同时作用下使主阀芯换向。因此就总有一个电磁铁处于工作状态。
4.4WEH, H/,, /0F,型:先导阀有两个电磁铁,可使阀芯停在某个工作位置上(脉冲式阀)。
主阀上没有定位器,是在压力油作用下移到相应的工作位置。
在上述结构中,主阀芯只有在控制油作用下才能正常动作。
型号H.4WEH25,, 60/,, 6A,:在这种结构里控制油是外供外排型的。控制没从外排口X引入,并通过外排Y排出。
力士乐插装式单向阀M-SR8KE05-1X/ R900346083
力士乐REXROTH插装式单向阀M-SR 6...30
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力士乐REXROTH止回阀安装装置M-SR 52...150
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R900306407 M-SR62KD05-1X/
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R900306413 M-SR62KD15-1X/
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R900306420 M-SR62KE00-1X/
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R900306432 M-SR62KE15-1X/
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R900306437 M-SR82KE30-1X/
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力士乐REXROTH叠加式液控单向阀Z2S 6
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R900347504 Z2S6-1-6X/V
R900372840 Z2S6-1-6X/VSO481
R901374869 Z2S6-1-6X/V/60
R901429695 Z2S6-1-6X/V/60J3
R900747681 Z2S6-1-6X/V/62
R901426712 Z2S6-1-6X/VJ3
R900072644 Z2S6-1-6X=
R900068608 Z2S6-1-6X==PL
R900913720 Z2S6-1-6X=SO450=PL
R901408551 Z2S6-1-6X=V/60
R987163885 Z2S6-1-64STAMPEDFV2225050
R900347495 Z2S6-1-64/
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R900727969 Z2S6-1-64//62
R901107049 Z2S6-1-64//62
R901052079 Z2S6-1-64/=TE
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R901426713 Z2S6-1-64/J3
R901259432 Z2S6-1-64/J50
R900508098 Z2S6-1-64/JV
R900442783 Z2S6-1-64/MIL15
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R900347504 Z2S6-1-64/V
R900372840 Z2S6-1-64/VSO481
R901374869 Z2S6-1-64/V/60
R901429695 Z2S6-1-64/V/60J3
R900747681 Z2S6-1-64/V/62
R901426712 Z2S6-1-64/VJ3
R900072644 Z2S6-1-64=
R900068608 Z2S6-1-64==PL
R900913720 Z2S6-1-64=SO450=PL
R901408551 Z2S6-1-64=V/60
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R901286324 Z2S6-2-6X/VJ50
R901030535 Z2S6-2-6X/XCV
R900072794 Z2S6-2-6X=V
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R900953976 Z2S6-3-6X/J
R901417797 Z2S6-3-6X/J3=TE
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R900347506 Z2S6-3-6X/V
R900950210 Z2S6-4-6X/
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R900347507 Z2S6A1-6X/V
R901170210 Z2S6A1-6X/V/60
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R900347508 Z2S6A2-6X/V
R901426710 Z2S6A2-6X/VJ3
R901286325 Z2S6A2-6X/VJ50
R901030539 Z2S6A2-6X/XCV
R900347500 Z2S6A3-6X/
R900595234 Z2S6A3-6X/J
R900347509 Z2S6A3-6X/V
R983056760 Z2S6A3-6X/VIN010
R900347501 Z2S6B1-6X/
R901254993 Z2S6B1-6X//60
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R901437169 Z2S6B1-6X/SO150
R901239412 Z2S6B1-6X/SO710
R900347510 Z2S6B1-6X/V
R901149420 Z2S6B1-6X/V/62
R901426711 Z2S6B1-6X/VJ3
R901288118 Z2S6B1-6X/VJ50
R900702167 Z2S6B1-6X=
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R900347502 Z2S6B2-6X/
R900782456 Z2S6B2-6X/J
R900921825 Z2S6B2-6X/MIL15
R900438365 Z2S6B2-6X/SO62
R900347511 Z2S6B2-6X/V
R983064662 Z2S6B2-6X/VIN010
R900347503 Z2S6B3-6X/
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R983030692 Z2S6B3-6XIN010
R983030682 Z2S6-1-6XIN010
R983030683 Z2S6-1-6X/VIN010
R983030688 Z2S6-2-6XIN010
R983030694 Z2S6-2-6X/VIN010
R983030684 Z2S6-3-6XIN010
R983052557 Z2S6-3-6X/VIN010
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R983030686 Z2S6-A2-6XIN010
R983030689 Z2S6-A3-6XIN010
R983030687 Z2S6-B1-6XIN010
R983030695 Z2S6-B1-6X/VIN010
R983030690 Z2S6-B2-6XIN010
力士乐REXROTH叠加式液控单向阀Z2S 10
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R900407394 Z2S10-1-3X/
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R900576597 Z2S10-1-3X=
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R901436574 Z2S10-2-3X/VJ3
R900431003 Z2S10-3-3X/
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R900440349 Z2S10-3-3X/V
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R900420049 Z2S10-4-3X/
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R983043155 Z2S10-B3-3X/IN010
R900407424 Z2S10A1-3X/
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R900434028 Z2S10A2-3X/
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R900447732 Z2S10A3-3X/
R900437010 Z2S10A3-3X/
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R900516212 Z2S10A4-3X/
R900567281 Z2S10A4-3X/V
R901425743 Z2S10A4-3X=J3
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R900583942 Z2S10B1-3X/SO18
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R901424397 Z2S10B1-3X/V/XY
R900576598 Z2S10B1-3X=
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R900436800 Z2S10B3-3X/
R901416255 Z2S10B3-3X/QMB
R900439705 Z2S10B3-3X/V
R900440312 Z2S10B4-3X/
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R983030700 Z2S10-A2-3XIN010
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力士乐叠加式液压锁单向阀Z2S 16
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R900535419 Z2S16-1-5X/J
R900085346 Z2S16-1-5X/ML
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R900412459 Z2S16-1-5X/V
R901417166 Z2S16-1-5X/VJ3
R901299705 Z2S16-1-5X/VJ50
R900072647 Z2S16-1-5X=
R900401212 Z2S16-2-5X/
R900434675 Z2S16-2-5X/V
R900412346 Z2S16-3-5X/
R900412893 Z2S16-3-5X/V
R900442636 Z2S16-4-5X/
R900508670 Z2S16-4-5X/V
R900328798 Z2S16A1-5X/
R900525761 Z2S16A1-5X/J
R901318732 Z2S16A1-5X/SO18
R900518561 Z2S16A1-5X/SO280
R900061071 Z2S16A1-5X/SO30
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R900402493 Z2S16A2-5X/
R900427329 Z2S16A2-5X/V
R900444118 Z2S16A3-5X/
R900085134 Z2S16A3-5X/V
R900566082 Z2S16A4-5X/
R900328799 Z2S16B1-5X/
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R900477274 Z2S16B2-5X/
R900500092 Z2S16B2-5X/V
R900422295 Z2S16B3-5X/
R901168688 Z2S16B3-5X/V
R900539653 Z2S16B4-5X/
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R971893714 Z2S16-1-5X/
R971893715 Z2S16-2-5X/
R971893710 Z2S16A1-5X/
R900427364 Z2S16A2-5X/V
R971893711 Z2S16B1-5X/
R971893712 Z2S16B1-5X/V
R971893713 Z2S16B2-5X/
R900328797 Z2S16-1-51/
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R901417166 Z2S16-1-51/VJ3
R901299705 Z2S16-1-51/VJ50
R900072647 Z2S16-1-5X=
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R900412346 Z2S16-3-51/
R900412893 Z2S16-3-51/V
R900442636 Z2S16-4-51/
R900508670 Z2S16-4-51/V
R900328798 Z2S16A1-51/
R900525761 Z2S16A1-51/J
R901318732 Z2S16A1-51/SO18
R900518561 Z2S16A1-51/SO280
R900061071 Z2S16A1-51/SO30
R900407720 Z2S16A1-51/V
R900402493 Z2S16A2-51/
R900427329 Z2S16A2-51/V
R900444118 Z2S16A3-51/
R900085134 Z2S16A3-51/V
R900566082 Z2S16A4-51/
R900328799 Z2S16B1-51/
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R900477274 Z2S16B2-51/
R900500092 Z2S16B2-51/V
R900422295 Z2S16B3-51/
R901168688 Z2S16B3-51/V
R900539653 Z2S16B4-51/
R901348885 Z2S16B4-51/V
R971893714 Z2S16-1-51/
R971893715 Z2S16-2-51/
R971893710 Z2S16A1-51/
R900427364 Z2S16A2-51/V
R971893711 Z2S16B1-51/
R971893712 Z2S16B1-51/V
R971893713 Z2S16B2-51/
力士乐叠加式液压锁单向阀Z2S 22
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R900539017 Z2S22A1-5X/SO21
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R900457907 Z2S22A2-5X/
R900589414 Z2S22A2-5X/V
R900507469 Z2S22A3-5X/
R900988977 Z2S22A3-5X/V
R900522102 Z2S22A4-5X/
R900433037 Z2S22B1-5X/
R900533752 Z2S22B1-5X/V
R901017619 Z2S22B1-5X/VSO60
R900072796 Z2S22B1-5X=
R900437818 Z2S22B2-5X/
R900591053 Z2S22B2-5X/V
R900528638 Z2S22B3-5X/
R900509911 Z2S22B4-5X/
R900432915 Z2S22-1-5X/
R900443803 Z2S22-1-5X/SO21
R900436495 Z2S22-1-5X/V
R900072795 Z2S22-1-5X=
R900433031 Z2S22-2-5X/
R900525586 Z2S22-2-5X/V
R900439719 Z2S22-3-5X/
R900476296 Z2S22-3-5X/V
R900435968 Z2S22-4-5X/
R901337072 Z2S22-4-5X/V
R987123806 Z2S22-4-5X/V
R987123806 Z2S22-4-5X/V
R978859136 Z2S22B3-5X/V
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力士乐REXROTH单向阀,先导式Z2S 32
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R900941301 Z2S32B1X/V
R900342107 Z2S32-1X/
R901254994 Z2S32-1X/V
力士乐REXROTH液控单向阀SV 6
R901320289 SV6PA1-6X/
R901429568 SV6PA1-6X/V
R901407741 SV6PA2-6X/
R901394118 SV6PA3-6X/J50
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R900589253 SV6PB2-6X/
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R900516497 SV6PB2-6X/V
R900598166 SV6PB3-6X/
R900597481 SV6PB3-6X/V
R900586840 SV6PB4-6X/
R900247185 SV6PB4-6X/V
力士乐液控单向阀SV 10...32
R900483368 SV10GA1-4X/
R900481097 SV10GA1-4X//12
R900426680 SV10GA1-4X//5
R900586980 SV10GA1-4X/J
R901430216 SV10GA1-4X/J3
R900469894 SV10GA1-4X/SO43
R900465776 SV10GA1-4X/V
R900462117 SV10GA1-4X/V/12
R900437841 SV10GA1-4X/V/5
R900072367 SV10GA1-4X==PL
R900455015 SV10GA2-4X/
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R900481120 SV10GA2-4X/V
R900477368 SV10GA2-4X/V/12
R900402853 SV10GA3-4X/
R900514060 SV10GA3-4X//12
R900519481 SV10GA3-4X/J
R900032320 SV10GA3-4X/V
R900596177 SV10GA4-4X/
R978905884 SV10GA4-4X/12
R900511928 SV10GA4-4X/SO287
R900509845 SV10GA4-4X/V
R983073301 SV10GA4-4X/VIN010
R983070087 SV10GB2-4X/IN010
R900453511 SV10GB1-4X/
R900426646 SV10GB1-4X//12
R900522959 SV10GB1-4X/J
R900440206 SV10GB1-4X/SO267
R900428704 SV10GB1-4X/SO43
R900442169 SV10GB1-4X/V
R978856677 SV10GB1-4X/V/12
R901328265 SV10GB1-4X=
R900464954 SV10GB2-4X/
R978867297 SV10GB2-4X/12
R978867297 SV10GB2-4X/12
R900033054 SV10GB2-4X/B08
R900509453 SV10GB2-4X/V
R900403533 SV10GB3-4X/
R900566670 SV10GB3-4X//12
R901426827 SV10GB3-4X/QMG24
R900455086 SV10GB4-4X/
R978864037 SV10GB4-4X/12
R900509610 SV10GB4-4X/V
R900509604 SV10GB4-4X/VSO266
R900504017 SV10KA1-4X/V
R983030709 SV10PA1-4XIN010
R900483369 SV10PA1-4X/
R900389885 SV10PA1-4X//5
R900082425 SV10PA1-4X//50
R900438933 SV10PA1-4X/J
R901436576 SV10PA1-4X/J3
R900533905 SV10PA1-4X/MK
R900463364 SV10PA1-4X/V
R978875670 SV10PA1-4X/VSO43A-1227
R900020393 SV10PA1-4X/V/12
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插装阀与我们所说的普通液压控制阀有所不同,它的通流量可达到1000L/min,通径可达200~250mm。阀芯结构简单,动作灵敏,密封性好。它的功能比较单一,主要实现液路的通或断,与普通液压控制阀组合使用时,才能实现对系统油液方向、压力和流量的控制。
插装阀基本组件
组件由阀芯、阀套、弹簧和密封圈组成。根据用途不同分为方向阀组件、压力阀组件和流量阀组件。同一通径的三种组件安装尺寸相同,但阀芯的结构形式和阀套座直径不同。三种组件均有两个主油口A 和B、一个控制口x 。
插装阀和其阀孔的设计通用性的重要性在于大批量生产。就某一种规格的插装阀为例,为了批量生产,其阀口的尺寸是统一的。此外,不同功能的阀可采用同一规格阀腔,例如:单向阀、锥阀、流量调节阀、节流阀、两位电磁阀等等。如果同一规格、不同功能的阀无法采用不同阀体,那么阀块的加工成本势必增加,插装阀的优势就不复存在。
插装阀在流体控制功能的领域的使用种类比较广泛,已应用的元件有是电磁换向阀,单向阀,溢流阀,减压阀,流量控制阀和顺序阀。通用性在流体动力回路设计和机械实用性的延伸,充分展示了插装阀对系统设计者和应用者的重要性。由于其装配过程的通用性、阀孔规格的通用性、互换性的特点,使用插装阀完全可以实现完善的设计配置,也使插装阀广泛地应用于各种液压机械。
体积小、成本低
批量生产的对用户益处在阀块还未装配线终点时就已显现。采用插装阀设计的整套控制系统可为用户大大减少制造工时;该控制系统的每个元件在组装成集成阀块前就可进行独立测试;集成块在发给用户之前就可进行整体测试。
由于必须安装的元件和连接的管路大大减少,为用户节省大量的制造工时。由于系统污染物的减少,泄漏点的减少和装配错误的降低,使可靠性显著提高。插装阀的应用实现了系统的高效、方便。
以轮式装载机为例,采用插装阀集成块来代替故障不断、难以诊断和维修的动力传动控制装置。原有控制系统有60多个连接管件和19个独立元件。用来替代的整体特制集成块上只有11个管件和17个元件。体积为12 x 4 x 5立方英寸,是原系统所占空间的20%。采用插装阀的特点如下:
减少安装时间 减少泄漏点 减少易污染源 减少维修时间(因为插装阀无需取下管接头配件即可更换)
功能全、应用广泛
插装阀已经广泛应用于多种工程机械、物料搬运机械和农业机械。在常被忽视的工业领域中,插装阀的应用在不断的扩大。特别是在许多重量和空间的限制的场合中,传统工业液压阀束手无策,而插装阀却大显身手。在某些应用场合,插装阀是提高生产力和竞争力的选择
新型插装阀的功能正不断被开发出来。这些新开发成果将保证将来可持续的生产效益。过去的经验证明:想象力的贫乏是采用插装阀实现生产既期效益的限制。
插装阀单元的工作状态 记油口A、B、x的压力分别为pA、pB、px, 作用面积分别为AA、AB、Ax, 阀芯上端复位弹簧力为Ft , 当 pxAx + Ft >pAAA + pBAB 时 阀口关闭 ; 当 pxAx + Ft ≤ pAAA+ pBAB 时 阀口开启。
实际工作时,阀芯的受力状况是通过油口x的通油方式控制的。
X通回油箱,阀口开启;
x与进油口相通,阀口关闭。
改变油口通油方式的阀称为先导阀。
插装阀的应用
三通阀 由两个方向阀组件并联而成,对外形成一个压力油口、一个工作油口和一个回油口。三通插装阀的工作状态数取决于先导换向阀的工作位置数。
四通阀由两个三通阀并联而成
先导阀可以是一个三位四通换向阀
先导阀也可以是两个二位四通换向阀或四个二位三通换向阀
四通插装阀的工作状态数取决于先导换向阀的工作位置数。
单向节流阀的结构原理。该阀是管式联接的单向节流阀,其节流口采用轴向三角槽式结构。旋转调节螺母,可改变节流口通流面积的大小,以调节流量。正向流动时起节流阀作用;反向流动时起单向阀作用,这时由于有部分油液可在环形缝隙中流动,可以清除节流口上的沉积物。在阀体2左端有刻度槽,调节螺母3上有刻度,用以标志调节流量的大小。