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液压控制阀,
一、液压控制阀的分类
1.概述
在液压系统中,用于控制和调节工作压力的高低、流量大小以及改变流量方向的元件统称为液压控制阀。液压控制阀通过对工作液体的压力、流量以及流液方向的控制与调节,从而可以控制液压执行元件的开启、停止和换向,调节其运动速度和输出扭矩(或力)
2.液压控制阀的分类 .
2.1按功能分类
(1)压力控制阀用于控制或调节液压系统或回路压力的阀, 如溢流阀、减压阀、顺序阀压力继电器等;
(2)方向控制阀用于控制或调节液压系统或回路中方向及其通和断,从而控制执行元件的运动方向及其启动、停止的阀。如单向阀、换向阀等;
(3)流量控制阀用于控制或调节液压系统或回路中工作液体流量大小的阀。如节流阀、调速阀、分集流阀等
2.2按阀的控制方式分类
液压控制阀按控制方式可分为:
(1)开关(或定值)控制阀:借助于通断型电磁铁及手动、机动、液动等方式,将阀芯位置或阀芯上的弹簧设定在某一工作状态 ,使液流的压力、流量或流向保持不变的阀。这类阀属于常见的普通液压阀
(2)比例控制阀:采用比例电磁铁(或力矩马达)将输入信号转换成力或阀的机械位移,使阀的输出(压力、流量)也按照其输入量连续、成比例地进行控制的阀,比例控制阀一般属于开环控制阀, 现在也很多用在闭环系统中。
(3)伺服控制阀:其输入信号(电量、机械量)多为偏差信号(输入信号与反馈信号的差值),阀的输出量( 压力、流量)也按照其输入量连续、成比例地进行控制的阀。这类阀的工作性能类似于比例控制阀,但具有较高的动态瞬应和静态性能,多用于要求较高的、响应快的闭环液压控制系统。
(4)数字控制阀:用于数字信息直接控制的阀类。
二、压力控制阀
压力控制阀(简称压力阀)是用来控制液压传动系统或气压传动系统中流体压力的一种控制阀。
常用的压力阀有:溢流阀、减压阀、顺序阀和压力继电器等。
大型钢厂现场采用的压力控制阀种类很多, 如:减压溢流阀、比例减压阀、先导式溢流阀、直动式溢流阀、溢流阀、电磁溢流阀、板式减压阀、减压阀、比例减压溢流阀、压力补偿器。
针对具有代表性的,现场易出故障的压力控制阀的工作原理和结构进行分析。
1、DR型先导式减压阀
1.结构分析
其组成主要包括带主阀插件(3)的主阀(1)和带压力调节组件的先导阀(2)。在静态位置,阀常开,油液可自由地从油口B经主阀芯插件(3)进入油口A。油口A的压力作用于主阀芯的底侧。同时作用于先导阀(2)中的球阀(6)上, 经节流孔(4)作用于主阀芯(3)的弹簧加载侧,并且流经油口(5)。
同样,压力经节流孔(7)、控制油路(8)、单向阀(9)和节流孔(10)作用于球阀(6)上。根据弹簧(11)的设定,在球阀(6)前部、油口(5)中和弹簧腔(12)内建压,保持控制活塞(13)处于开启位置。
油液可自由地从油口B经主阀芯插件(3)流入油口A,直至油口A的压力超过弹簧(11)的设定值,并打开球阀(6)、控制活塞(13)移至关闭位置。
当油口A的压力与弹簧设定压力之间达到平衡时, 获得期望的减压压力。控制油经控制油路(15)由外部从弹簧腔(14)泄回油箱。通过安装一个可选的单向阀 (16)可实现从油口A至B的自由返回流动。压力表接口(17)用于油口A的减压压力监测。
2、3DR型先导式减压阀
1.结构分析
3DR型减压阀是三通先导式减压阀,起到减压溢流作用。
减压阀主要包括带控制阀芯(2)的主阀(1) 和带调压装置(10)的先导控制阀(3)。在静态位置,阀常开,油液可自由地从油口P经主阀芯(2)进入油口A。油口A的压力通过孔(4)作用于主阀芯的右侧压缩弹簧。同时通过节流孔(6)作用于主阀(2)的弹簧一侧(6)上 ,经通道(5)作用于先导球阀(7)。
根据弹簧(11)的设定,在球阀(7)之前和通道(5)中建压,保持控制阀芯(2)处于开启位置。油液可自由地从油口P经主阀芯流入油口A ,直至油口A的压力超过弹簧(11)的设定值,并打开球阀(7)
当油口A的压力与弹簧设定压力之间达到平衡时,获得期望的减压压力。
如果油口A的压力在外力的作用下继续升高, 主阀芯(2)继续压向弹簧(9),这样油口A通过腔(8)与油口T相连,多余的压力油泄回油箱,从而确保减压压力不变。
先导油的回油必须外泄到Y口, Y口油液要无背压自由回油箱。
压力表连接(14)用于油口A的减压压力监测。
3、DB/DBW型先导式溢流阀
1.结构分析
DB和DBW型压力控制阀是先导式溢流阀。它们用于限制( DB型),或用电磁铁限制及卸荷系统压力( DBW型)
该溢流阀(DB型)的组成主要包括带主阀芯插件(3)的主阀(1)和带压力调节组件的先导阀(2 ) DB型溢流阀油路A中的压力作用于主阀芯( 3 )上。同时,压力经带节流孔(4)和(5 )的控制通路(6 )和( 7 ),作用在主阀芯( 3 )的弹簧加载侧及先导阀(2)的球(8)上。
如果A口的压力超过弹簧(9)的设定值,球(8)克服弹簧力(9)而使先导阀开启。该信号经控制信道( 10 )和(6 )从A口内部获取。主阀芯(3 )弹簧加载侧的油液经过控制通路(7 )节流孔(11 )和球阀(8 )流入弹簧腔( 12)对DB..5*/.- .型它由控制通路( 13 )内部引入油箱, 而对DB.. 5...型经控制通路( 14 )它由外部弓入油箱。节流孔(4 )和(5 )在主阀芯(3 )两端产生压降,因此A到B连接通道被打开。油液由A口流向B口,而设定工作压力保持不变。
溢流阀借助油口X ( 15 )可对不同压力(二级压力)卸荷或切换。
4、ZDR 6 D型减压阀
1.结构分析
ZDR 6 D型减压阀是叠加式结构三通直动式减压阀,它对次级回路有减压功能。用于系统压力减压。
其组成主要包括阀体( 1 )控制阀芯( 2 )压缩弹簧( 3 )和调节组件(4 )以及可选单向阀。由调节组件( 4)设定二次压力。DA型在静态位置,该阀常开, 油液可自由地从油口A1流向油口A2。油口A2压力经控制油路( 5 )同时作用于压缩弹簧对面的活塞面积上。当油口A2的压力超过弹簧(3 )设定值时, 控制阀芯(2 )移至控制位置,油口A2的压力保持稳定。
信号和控制油经控制油道( 5 )从油口A2内部提供。如果油口A2的压力由于外力作用于执行器而继续升高,阀芯就继续向压缩弹簧(3 )方向移动。这样油口A2经控制活塞(2)上的台肩(9 )与油箱连通。足够的油液流回油箱,以防止压力进一-步升高。弹簧腔(7 )经孔(6 )至油口T ( Y )由外部泄油至油箱。
压力表接口(8 )用于阀的二次压力监测。
REXROTH插装式单向阀M-SR15KE30-1X/ R900346082
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力士乐REXROTH止回阀安装装置M-SR 52...150
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R900306413 M-SR62KD15-1X/
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R900306420 M-SR62KE00-1X/
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R900306432 M-SR62KE15-1X/
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R900306418 M-SR82KD30-1X/
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R900306421 M-SR82KE00-1X/
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R900306433 M-SR82KE15-1X/
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R900306437 M-SR82KE30-1X/
R900306475 M-SR82KE30-1X/V
力士乐REXROTH叠加式液控单向阀Z2S 6
R987163885 Z2S6-1-6XSTAMPEDFV2225050
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R901259432 Z2S6-1-6X/J50
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R900347504 Z2S6-1-6X/V
R900372840 Z2S6-1-6X/VSO481
R901374869 Z2S6-1-6X/V/60
R901429695 Z2S6-1-6X/V/60J3
R900747681 Z2S6-1-6X/V/62
R901426712 Z2S6-1-6X/VJ3
R900072644 Z2S6-1-6X=
R900068608 Z2S6-1-6X==PL
R900913720 Z2S6-1-6X=SO450=PL
R901408551 Z2S6-1-6X=V/60
R987163885 Z2S6-1-64STAMPEDFV2225050
R900347495 Z2S6-1-64/
R901129841 Z2S6-1-64//60
R900727969 Z2S6-1-64//62
R901107049 Z2S6-1-64//62
R901052079 Z2S6-1-64/=TE
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R901426713 Z2S6-1-64/J3
R901259432 Z2S6-1-64/J50
R900508098 Z2S6-1-64/JV
R900442783 Z2S6-1-64/MIL15
R901402145 Z2S6-1-64/SO150
R900347504 Z2S6-1-64/V
R900372840 Z2S6-1-64/VSO481
R901374869 Z2S6-1-64/V/60
R901429695 Z2S6-1-64/V/60J3
R900747681 Z2S6-1-64/V/62
R901426712 Z2S6-1-64/VJ3
R900072644 Z2S6-1-64=
R900068608 Z2S6-1-64==PL
R900913720 Z2S6-1-64=SO450=PL
R901408551 Z2S6-1-64=V/60
R900347496 Z2S6-2-6X/
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R901436568 Z2S6-2-6X/VJ3
R901286324 Z2S6-2-6X/VJ50
R901030535 Z2S6-2-6X/XCV
R900072794 Z2S6-2-6X=V
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R900953976 Z2S6-3-6X/J
R901417797 Z2S6-3-6X/J3=TE
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R900347506 Z2S6-3-6X/V
R900950210 Z2S6-4-6X/
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R900347498 Z2S6A1-6X/
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R900347507 Z2S6A1-6X/V
R901170210 Z2S6A1-6X/V/60
R901126655 Z2S6A1-6X/V/62
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R900347508 Z2S6A2-6X/V
R901426710 Z2S6A2-6X/VJ3
R901286325 Z2S6A2-6X/VJ50
R901030539 Z2S6A2-6X/XCV
R900347500 Z2S6A3-6X/
R900595234 Z2S6A3-6X/J
R900347509 Z2S6A3-6X/V
R983056760 Z2S6A3-6X/VIN010
R900347501 Z2S6B1-6X/
R901254993 Z2S6B1-6X//60
R901107241 Z2S6B1-6X//62
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R901437169 Z2S6B1-6X/SO150
R901239412 Z2S6B1-6X/SO710
R900347510 Z2S6B1-6X/V
R901149420 Z2S6B1-6X/V/62
R901426711 Z2S6B1-6X/VJ3
R901288118 Z2S6B1-6X/VJ50
R900702167 Z2S6B1-6X=
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R900347502 Z2S6B2-6X/
R900782456 Z2S6B2-6X/J
R900921825 Z2S6B2-6X/MIL15
R900438365 Z2S6B2-6X/SO62
R900347511 Z2S6B2-6X/V
R983064662 Z2S6B2-6X/VIN010
R900347503 Z2S6B3-6X/
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R983030692 Z2S6B3-6XIN010
R983030682 Z2S6-1-6XIN010
R983030683 Z2S6-1-6X/VIN010
R983030688 Z2S6-2-6XIN010
R983030694 Z2S6-2-6X/VIN010
R983030684 Z2S6-3-6XIN010
R983052557 Z2S6-3-6X/VIN010
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R983030691 Z2S6-A1-6X/VIN010
R983030686 Z2S6-A2-6XIN010
R983030689 Z2S6-A3-6XIN010
R983030687 Z2S6-B1-6XIN010
R983030695 Z2S6-B1-6X/VIN010
R983030690 Z2S6-B2-6XIN010
力士乐REXROTH叠加式液控单向阀Z2S 10
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R900407394 Z2S10-1-3X/
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R900407439 Z2S10-1-3X/V
R900576597 Z2S10-1-3X=
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R901436574 Z2S10-2-3X/VJ3
R900431003 Z2S10-3-3X/
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R900440349 Z2S10-3-3X/V
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R900420049 Z2S10-4-3X/
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R983043155 Z2S10-B3-3X/IN010
R900407424 Z2S10A1-3X/
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R900434028 Z2S10A2-3X/
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R900447732 Z2S10A3-3X/
R900437010 Z2S10A3-3X/
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R900516212 Z2S10A4-3X/
R900567281 Z2S10A4-3X/V
R901425743 Z2S10A4-3X=J3
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R900583942 Z2S10B1-3X/SO18
R900407465 Z2S10B1-3X/V
R901424397 Z2S10B1-3X/V/XY
R900576598 Z2S10B1-3X=
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R900436800 Z2S10B3-3X/
R901416255 Z2S10B3-3X/QMB
R900439705 Z2S10B3-3X/V
R900440312 Z2S10B4-3X/
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R983030696 Z2S10-1-3XIN010
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R983030697 Z2S10-1-3X/VIN010
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R983030700 Z2S10-A2-3XIN010
R983030698 Z2S10-B1-3XIN010
力士乐叠加式液压锁单向阀Z2S 16
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R900535419 Z2S16-1-5X/J
R900085346 Z2S16-1-5X/ML
R900518562 Z2S16-1-5X/SO280
R900505825 Z2S16-1-5X/SO40
R900412459 Z2S16-1-5X/V
R901417166 Z2S16-1-5X/VJ3
R901299705 Z2S16-1-5X/VJ50
R900072647 Z2S16-1-5X=
R900401212 Z2S16-2-5X/
R900434675 Z2S16-2-5X/V
R900412346 Z2S16-3-5X/
R900412893 Z2S16-3-5X/V
R900442636 Z2S16-4-5X/
R900508670 Z2S16-4-5X/V
R900328798 Z2S16A1-5X/
R900525761 Z2S16A1-5X/J
R901318732 Z2S16A1-5X/SO18
R900518561 Z2S16A1-5X/SO280
R900061071 Z2S16A1-5X/SO30
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R900402493 Z2S16A2-5X/
R900427329 Z2S16A2-5X/V
R900444118 Z2S16A3-5X/
R900085134 Z2S16A3-5X/V
R900566082 Z2S16A4-5X/
R900328799 Z2S16B1-5X/
R900446290 Z2S16B1-5X/V
R900477274 Z2S16B2-5X/
R900500092 Z2S16B2-5X/V
R900422295 Z2S16B3-5X/
R901168688 Z2S16B3-5X/V
R900539653 Z2S16B4-5X/
R901348885 Z2S16B4-5X/V
R971893714 Z2S16-1-5X/
R971893715 Z2S16-2-5X/
R971893710 Z2S16A1-5X/
R900427364 Z2S16A2-5X/V
R971893711 Z2S16B1-5X/
R971893712 Z2S16B1-5X/V
R971893713 Z2S16B2-5X/
R900328797 Z2S16-1-51/
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R900518562 Z2S16-1-51/SO280
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R900412459 Z2S16-1-51/V
R901417166 Z2S16-1-51/VJ3
R901299705 Z2S16-1-51/VJ50
R900072647 Z2S16-1-5X=
R900401212 Z2S16-2-51/
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R900412346 Z2S16-3-51/
R900412893 Z2S16-3-51/V
R900442636 Z2S16-4-51/
R900508670 Z2S16-4-51/V
R900328798 Z2S16A1-51/
R900525761 Z2S16A1-51/J
R901318732 Z2S16A1-51/SO18
R900518561 Z2S16A1-51/SO280
R900061071 Z2S16A1-51/SO30
R900407720 Z2S16A1-51/V
R900402493 Z2S16A2-51/
R900427329 Z2S16A2-51/V
R900444118 Z2S16A3-51/
R900085134 Z2S16A3-51/V
R900566082 Z2S16A4-51/
R900328799 Z2S16B1-51/
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R900477274 Z2S16B2-51/
R900500092 Z2S16B2-51/V
R900422295 Z2S16B3-51/
R901168688 Z2S16B3-51/V
R900539653 Z2S16B4-51/
R901348885 Z2S16B4-51/V
R971893714 Z2S16-1-51/
R971893715 Z2S16-2-51/
R971893710 Z2S16A1-51/
R900427364 Z2S16A2-51/V
R971893711 Z2S16B1-51/
R971893712 Z2S16B1-51/V
R971893713 Z2S16B2-51/
力士乐叠加式液压锁单向阀Z2S 22
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R900539017 Z2S22A1-5X/SO21
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R900457907 Z2S22A2-5X/
R900589414 Z2S22A2-5X/V
R900507469 Z2S22A3-5X/
R900988977 Z2S22A3-5X/V
R900522102 Z2S22A4-5X/
R900433037 Z2S22B1-5X/
R900533752 Z2S22B1-5X/V
R901017619 Z2S22B1-5X/VSO60
R900072796 Z2S22B1-5X=
R900437818 Z2S22B2-5X/
R900591053 Z2S22B2-5X/V
R900528638 Z2S22B3-5X/
R900509911 Z2S22B4-5X/
R900432915 Z2S22-1-5X/
R900443803 Z2S22-1-5X/SO21
R900436495 Z2S22-1-5X/V
R900072795 Z2S22-1-5X=
R900433031 Z2S22-2-5X/
R900525586 Z2S22-2-5X/V
R900439719 Z2S22-3-5X/
R900476296 Z2S22-3-5X/V
R900435968 Z2S22-4-5X/
R901337072 Z2S22-4-5X/V
R987123806 Z2S22-4-5X/V
R987123806 Z2S22-4-5X/V
R978859136 Z2S22B3-5X/V
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力士乐REXROTH单向阀,先导式Z2S 32
R900561268 Z2S32A1X/
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R900941301 Z2S32B1X/V
R900342107 Z2S32-1X/
R901254994 Z2S32-1X/V
力士乐REXROTH液控单向阀SV 6
R901320289 SV6PA1-6X/
R901429568 SV6PA1-6X/V
R901407741 SV6PA2-6X/
R901394118 SV6PA3-6X/J50
R900494086 SV6PB1-6X/
R900516740 SV6PB1-6X/J
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R900589253 SV6PB2-6X/
R901353602 SV6PB2-6X/J50
R900516497 SV6PB2-6X/V
R900598166 SV6PB3-6X/
R900597481 SV6PB3-6X/V
R900586840 SV6PB4-6X/
R900247185 SV6PB4-6X/V
力士乐液控单向阀SV 10...32
R900483368 SV10GA1-4X/
R900481097 SV10GA1-4X//12
R900426680 SV10GA1-4X//5
R900586980 SV10GA1-4X/J
R901430216 SV10GA1-4X/J3
R900469894 SV10GA1-4X/SO43
R900465776 SV10GA1-4X/V
R900462117 SV10GA1-4X/V/12
R900437841 SV10GA1-4X/V/5
R900072367 SV10GA1-4X==PL
R900455015 SV10GA2-4X/
R900222361 SV10GA2-4X//12
R900481120 SV10GA2-4X/V
R900477368 SV10GA2-4X/V/12
R900402853 SV10GA3-4X/
R900514060 SV10GA3-4X//12
R900519481 SV10GA3-4X/J
R900032320 SV10GA3-4X/V
R900596177 SV10GA4-4X/
R978905884 SV10GA4-4X/12
R900511928 SV10GA4-4X/SO287
R900509845 SV10GA4-4X/V
R983073301 SV10GA4-4X/VIN010
R983070087 SV10GB2-4X/IN010
R900453511 SV10GB1-4X/
R900426646 SV10GB1-4X//12
R900522959 SV10GB1-4X/J
R900440206 SV10GB1-4X/SO267
R900428704 SV10GB1-4X/SO43
R900442169 SV10GB1-4X/V
R978856677 SV10GB1-4X/V/12
R901328265 SV10GB1-4X=
R900464954 SV10GB2-4X/
R978867297 SV10GB2-4X/12
R978867297 SV10GB2-4X/12
R900033054 SV10GB2-4X/B08
R900509453 SV10GB2-4X/V
R900403533 SV10GB3-4X/
R900566670 SV10GB3-4X//12
R901426827 SV10GB3-4X/QMG24
R900455086 SV10GB4-4X/
R978864037 SV10GB4-4X/12
R900509610 SV10GB4-4X/V
R900509604 SV10GB4-4X/VSO266
R900504017 SV10KA1-4X/V
R983030709 SV10PA1-4XIN010
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液压传动
与机械传动相比。液压传动更容易实现其运动参数(流量)和动力参数(压力)的控制,而液压传动较之液力传动具有良好的低速负荷特性。由于具有传递效率高,可进行恒功率输出控制,功率利用充分,系统结构简单,输出转速无级调速,可正、反向运转,速度刚性大,动作实现容易等突出优点,液压传动在工程机械中得到了广泛的应用。几乎所有工程机械装备都能见到液压技术的踪迹,其中不少已成为主要的传动和控制方式。极限负荷调节闭式回路,发动机转速控制的恒压,恒功率组合调节的变量系统开发,给液压传动应用于工程机械行走系提供了广阔的发展前景。
一、液压传动技术的应用
液压传动技术在近代工业制造中的应用
液压传动有许多突出的优点,因此它的应用非常广泛,如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等,行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等;钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等;土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等,发电厂涡轮机调速装置、发电厂等等。
二、液压传动技术的原理与特点
1、液压传动的介绍
液压传动是用液体作为工作介质来传递能量和进行控制的传动方式。液压传动和气压传动并称为流体传动,是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术,是工农业生产中应用广泛的技术。
2、液压传动的优点
(1)体积小、重量轻,因此惯性力较小,当突然过载或停车时,不会发生大的冲击,
(2)能在给定范围内平稳的自动调节牵引速度,并可实现无极调速;
(3)换向容易,在不改变电机旋转方向的情况下,可以较方便地实现工作机构旋转和直线往复运动的转换;
(4)液压泵和液压马达之间用油管连接,在空间布置上彼此不受严格限制;
(5) 由于采用油液为工作介质,元件相对运动表面间能自行润滑,磨损小,使用寿命长;
(6)操纵控制简便,自动化程度高;
(7)容易实现过载保护。
液压传动有许多突出的优点,因此它的应用非常广泛,如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等,行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等,钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等,土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥粱操纵机构等;发电厂涡轮机调速装置等等,船舶用的甲板起重机械、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等,特殊技术用的控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等。
3、液压传动的基本原理
液压传动的基本原理是在密闭的容器内,利用有压力的油液作为工作介质来实现能量转换和传递动力的。其中的液体称为工作介质,一般为矿物油,它的作用和机械传动中的皮带、链条和齿轮等传动元件相类似。液压传动是利用帕斯卡原理!帕斯卡原理是大概就是:在密闭环境中,向液体施加一个力,这个液体会向各个方向传递这个力!力的大小不变!液压传动就是利用这个物理性质,向一个物体施加一个力,利用帕斯卡原理使这个力变大!从而起到举起重物的效果!
液压传动在阀门行业也得到很大的应用,如阀门的机床制造加工设备、阀门]液压试验设备、阀门的液压传动装置等。
三、液压传动系统的组成
1、液压动力原件
将动力装置的机械能转换成为液压能的装置,其作用是为液压传动系统提供压力油,是液压传动系统的动力源。例如液压泵。
1.1液压泵
液压泵是液压系统的动力元件,其作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能,指液压系统中的油泵,它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。
1.2齿轮泵
齿轮泵即依靠密封在个壳体中的两个或两个以上齿轮,在相互啮合过程中所产生的工作空间容积变化来输送液体的泵。齿轮泵的概念是很简单的,即它的基本形式就是两个尺寸相同的齿轮在一个紧密配合的壳体内相互啮合旋转,这个壳体的内部类似“8”字形,两个齿轮装在里面,齿轮的外径及两侧与壳体紧密配合。来自于挤出机的物料在吸入口进入两个齿轮中间,并充满这一空间,随着齿的旋转沿壳体运动,*后在两齿啮合时排出。困油现象齿轮泵要平稳工作,齿轮啮合的重合度必须大于1, 于是总有两对齿轮同时啮合, :并有一部分油液被围困在两对轮齿所围成的封闭容腔之间。这个封闭的容腔开始随着
齿轮的转动逐渐减小,以后又逐渐加大。封闭腔容积的减小会使被困油液受挤压而产生很高的压力,并且从缝隙中挤出,导致油液发热,并致使机件受到额外的负载,而封闭腔容积的增大又造成局部真空,使油液中溶解的气体分离,产生气穴现象。这些都将产生强烈的振动和噪音,这就是齿轮泵的困意现象。
危害:径向不平衡力很大时能使轴弯曲,齿顶与壳体接触,同时加速轴承的磨损,降低轴承的寿命。
消除困油现象方法:通常是在两侧盖板上开卸荷槽,使封闭腔容积诚小时通过左边的卸荷槽与压油腔相通,容积增大时通过右边的卸荷槽与吸油腔相通。
1.3叶片泵
叶片泵即通过叶轮的旋转,将动力机的机械能转换为水能(势能、动能、压能)的水力机械。
叶片泵转子旋转时,叶片在离心力和压力油的作用下,尖部紧贴在定子内表面上。这样两个叶片与转子和定子内表面所构成的工作容积,先由小到大吸油后再由大到小排油,叶片旋转一周时,完成两次吸油与排油。
1.4柱塞泵
柱塞泵即利用柱塞在泵缸体内往复运动,使柱塞与泵壁间形成容积改变,反复吸入和排;出液体并增高其压力的泵。
柱塞泵是液压系统的一个重要装置。它依靠柱塞在缸体中往复运动,使密封工作容腔的容积发生变化来实现吸油、压油。柱塞泵具有额定压力高、结构紧凑、效率高和流量调节方便等优点,被广泛应用于高压、大流量和流量需要调节的场合,诸如液压机、工程机械和船舶中。
2、液压执行元件
将液压能转换为机械能的装置,其作用是在压力油的推动下输出力和速度或转矩和速度,以驱动工作装置做工。例如液压缸、液压马达。
2.1液压马达
液压马达习惯上是指输出旋转运动的,将液压泵提供的液压能转变为机械能的能量转换装置。
液压马达亦称为油马达,主要应用于注塑机械、船舶、起扬机、工程机械、建筑机械、煤矿机械、矿山机械、冶金机械、船舶机械、石油化工、港口机械等。
高速马达齿轮马达具有体积小、重量轻、结构简单、工艺性好、对油液的污染不敏感、耐冲击和惯性小等优点。缺点有扭矩脉动较大、效率较低、起动扭矩较小(仅为额定扭矩的60%-一70%)和低速稳定性差等。
2.2液压缸
液压缸是将液压能转变为机械能的、做直线往复运动(或摆动运动)的液压执行元件。它结构简单、工作可靠。用它来实现往复运动时,可免去减速装置,并且没有传动间隙,运动平稳,因此在各种机械的液压系统中得到广泛应用。液压缸输出力和活塞有效面积及其两边的压差成正比;液压缸基本上由缸筒和缸盖、活塞和活塞杆、密封装置、缓神装置与排气装置组成。缓神装置与排气装置视具体应用场合而定,其他装置则必不可少。
3.3液压控制调节元件
用来控制液压传动系统中油液的流动方向、压力和流量,以保证液压执行元件和工作装置完成指定工作。
液压传动中用来控制液体压力、流量和方向的元件。其中控制压力的称为压力控制阀,控制流量的称为流量控制阀,控制通、断和流向的称为方向控制阀。
3.4液压辅助元件
保证液压传动系统正常工作。例如油箱、油管、滤油器。
液压辅件是系统的一一个重要组成部分,其合理设计和选用在很大程度上影响液压系统的效率、噪声、温升、工作可靠性等技术性能。主要包括:
3.4.1过滤器
过滤器的作用:滤去油中杂质,维护油液清洁,防止油液污染,保证系统正常工作。
3.4.2蓄能器
蓄能器的作用:
蓄能器是液压系统中储存和释放压力能的装置。
1.作辅助动力源或紧急动力源在工作循环不同阶段需要的流量变化很大时,常采用蓄能器和一个流量较小的泵组成油源。另外当驱动泵的原动机发生故障时,蓄能器可作紧急动力源。
2.保压和补充泄漏需要较长时间保压而泵卸载时,可利用蓄能器释放储存的压力油,补充系统泄漏,保持系统压力。
3.吸收冲击和消除压力脉动在压力冲击处和泵的出口安装蓄能器可吸收压力冲击峰值和压力脉动,提高系统工作的平稳性。
3.4.3油箱
油箱是液压系统中储存液压油用。
油箱的功用:
储存系统所需的足够油液;;
散发油液中的热量;
逸出溶解在油液中的空气; :
沉淀油液中的污物;
对中小型液压系统,泵装置及一些液压元件还安装在油箱顶板上。
3.4.4热交换器
系统能量损失转换为热量以后,会使油液温度升高。若长时间油温过高,油液粘度下降,泄漏增加,密封老化,油液氧化,严重影响系统正常工作。为保证正常工作温度在20~65C,需要在系统中安装冷却器。相反,油温过低,油液粘度过大,设备启动困难,压力损失加大并引起过大的振动。此种情况下系统应安装加热器,将油液温度升高到适合的温度。
3.4.5管件
管件是用来连接液压元件、输送液压油液的连接件。它应保证有足够的强度,没有泄漏,密封性能好,压力损失小,拆装方便。
3.4.6密封装置
密封装置用来防止系统油液的内外泄漏,以及外界灰尘和异物的侵入,保证系统建立必要压力。
3.5液压工作介质
工作介质指传动液体,通常被称为液压油。
3.5.1液压油
液压油引就是利用液体压力能的液压系统使用的液压介质,在液压系统中起着能量传递、系统润滑、防腐、防锈、冷却等作用。对于液压油来说,首先应满足液压装置在工作温度下与启动温度下对液体粘度的要求,由于油的粘度变化直接与液压动作、传递效率和传递精度有关,还要求油的粘温性能和剪切安定性应满足不同用途所提出的各种需求。
3.5.2液压油的要求
质量要求:
1.合适的粘 度和良好的粘温性能,以保证液压元件在工作压力和工作温度发生变化的条件下得到良好润滑、冷却和密封。
2.良好的极压抗磨性, 以保证油泵、液压马达、控制阀和油缸中的摩擦副在高压、高速苛刻条件下得到正常的润滑,减少磨损。
3.优良的抗氧化安定性、水解安定性和热稳定性,以抵抗空气、水分和高温、高压等因素的影响或作用,使其不易老化变质,延长使用寿命。
4.良好的抗泡性 和空气释放值,以保证在运转中受到机械剧烈搅拌的条件下产生的泡沫能迅速消失:并能将混入油中的空气在较短时间内释放出来,以实现准确、灵敏、平稳地传递静压。
5.良好的抗乳化性, 能与混入油中的水分迅速分离,以免形成乳化液,引起液压系统的金属材质锈蚀和降低使用性能。
6.良好的防锈性,以防止金属表面锈蚀。