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液压系统的组成及其作用
一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成,即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件(附件)和液压油。
动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能,指液压系统中的油泵,它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。
执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能,驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。
控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同,液压阀可分为村力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、诚压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等;流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等,方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同,液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。
辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、快换接头、高压球阀、胶管总成、测压接头、压力表、油位油温计等。
液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质,有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。
液压系统结构
液压系统由信号控制和液压动力两部分组成,信号控制部分用于驱动液压动力部分中的控制阀动作。
液压动力部分采用回路图方式表示,以表明不同功能元件之间的相互关系。液压源含有液压泵、电动机和液压辅助元件;液压控制部分含有各种控制阀,其用于控制工作油液的流量、压力和方向;执行部分含有液压缸或液压马达,其可按实际要求来选择。
在分析和设计实际任务时,一般采用方框图显示设备中实际运行状况。空心箭头表示信号流,而实心箭头则表示能量流。
基本液压回路中的动作顺序一控制元件(二位四通换向阀)的换向和弹簧复位、执行元件(双作用液压缸)的伸出和回缩以及溢流阀的开启和关闭。对 于执行元件和控制元件,演示文稿都是基于相应回路图符号,这也为介绍回路图符号作了准备。
根据系统工作原理,您可对所有回路依次进行编号。如果一个执行元件编号为0,则与其相关的控制元件标识符则为1。如果与执行元件伸出相对应的元件标识符为偶数,则与执行元件回缩相对应的元件标识符则为奇数。不仅应对液压回路进行编号,也应对实际设备进行编号,以便发现系统故障。
DIN ISO1219-2 标准定义了元件的编号组成,其包括下面四个部分,设备编号、回路编号、元件标识符和元件编号。如果整个系统仅有一种设备,则可省略设备编号。
实际中,另一种编号方式就是对液压系统中所有元件进行连续编号,此时,元件编号应该与元件列表中编号相一致。这种方法特别适用于复杂液压控制系统,每个控制回路都与其系统编号相对应。
柱塞泵分为轴向柱塞泵和径向柱塞泵两种代表性的结构形式;由于径向柱塞泵属于一种新型的技术含量比较高的高效泵,随着国产化的不断加快,径向柱塞泵必然会成为柱塞泵应用领域的重要组成部分。
柱塞泵是往复泵的一种,属于体积泵 ,其柱塞靠泵轴的偏心转动驱动往复运动,其吸入和排出阀都是单向阀。当柱塞外拉时,工作室内压力降低,出口阀关闭,低于进口压力时,进口阀打开,液体进入;柱塞内推时,工作室压力升高,进口阀关闭,高于出口压力时,出口阀打开,液体排出。
内带滑靴结构的轴向柱塞泵是目前使用*广泛的轴向柱塞泵,安放在缸体中的柱塞通过滑靴与斜盘相接触,当传动轴带动缸体旋转时,斜盘将柱塞从缸体中拉出或推回,完成吸排油过程。柱塞与缸孔组成的工作容腔中的油液通过配油盘分别与泵的吸、排油腔相通。变量机构用来改变斜盘的倾角,通过调节斜盘的倾角可改变泵的排量。
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搅拌车液压泵压力不足的原因、诊断和排除方法
(1)搅拌车液压泵是否能输出油液压油。
若无液压油输出,则可能是泵的转向不对,零件磨损严重或损坏;吸油管阻力过大(滤油器阻塞、油液黏度过大等)或漏气。如果是新的液压泵,可能是泵体有铸造缺陷(缩孔、砂眼等),使吸油腔和压油腔相通,失去压油能力,输入功率不足,使泵的输油压力达不到工作压力,泵轴扭断,而输不出油
若液压泵有油液输出,则应检查各回油管,观察哪个部件溢由。如溢流阀回油管溢油,可能是调定压力低。此时,拧紧易诱发调压弹簧,若压力无变化,则可能是溢流阀主阀芯或先导部分的锥因脏物或锈蚀而卡死在开口位置;或因弹簧折断失去作用;或因阻尼孔被脏物阻塞,泵输出的油液立即经溢流阀流回油箱。排除方法:应拆开溢流阀,加以清洗。检查或更换弹簧,恢复其工作性能
(2)溢流阀工作是否正常。
若不正常,则可能是压力油路中的某个阀有污物或其它原因卡住,处于回油位置,致使压力油路与溢流回路短路,也可能是管接头松脱,或处于压力油路中的某些阀泄漏严重,或液压缸、液压马达的密封损坏,严重泄漏。排除方法:拆开有关阀进行清洗,检查密封尖刺的发小及各种,密封装置,密封装置损坏应更换
(3)若整个搅拌车液压系统能建立正常压力,而某些管路或液压缸(或液压马达)中无压力,则可能是由于管路、小孔或节流阀、换向阀等部位堵塞。此时,应铸段检查压力和有无油液通过,找出原因,加以排除
(4)若液压泵输出流量随压力升高而显著减小,且压力大达不到规定值,则是由于液压泵磨损后间隙增大所致。排除方法:测定液压泵的容积效率,即可确定该泵是否能继续使用,对磨损严重的零件,应进行修配或更换
注塑机液压泵是否正常工作,除了系统的良好设计、元件制造的质量和维护使用等条件外,液压油选择使用清洁度也是十分重要的因素。液压油作为液压传动的工作介质除了传动传递能量,还有润滑元件部位的而保护金属不被锈蚀泵作用。
有70%的液压泵的故障是由于液压油的选用不合适或使用、保管不善,使液压油受到污染造成的。因此,必须了解液压系统对用油的各种要求,合理的选用、正确在维护保管,才能保证液压泵正常运行,少出故障,提高生产效率
液压油选择的要求
(1) 黏度合适,并且具有较好的粘温也行。若液压油黏度太大,则系统的压力损失大,效率较低,并且磨损增加,降低泵的使用寿命;如果液压油的黏度太小,则系统易泄漏,系统的效率也较低,因此,液压油的黏度要选择合理,不要偏大也不要偏小。
液压油的黏度会随温度的变化而变化,温度升高时,液压油的黏度下降。油液黏度随温度变化的性能叫粘温特性,常用黏度指数表示。黏度指数较高,油液的粘温特性就特好,温度变化时,黏度变化小。液压油的黏度指数一般高于90.
(2) 在工作温度和压力下,具有良好的润滑性、剪切稳定性和一定的油膜强度。液压泵工作元件总是在产生摩擦和磨损的,机器停止、启动时,摩擦力较大,启动时摩擦力为*大,易引起磨损。因此,液压油要具有良好的润滑性,运动起到润滑作用,达到减少磨损。
液压油要具有良好的润滑性,对运动部件起到润滑作用,达到减少磨损,延长使用寿命的目的。在高温、高压、高速的条件下工作的叶阿姨系统,更要求液压油要具有良好的润滑性,也就是有高的油膜强度,即耐磨要好。
(3) 具有较好的抗氧化性。液压泵工作时有较高的压力和温度,需要液压油在这样的条件下不变质老化,不出现沥青、焦油等胶质沉淀。
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